1. Common Pathogens Associated with Poultry Production in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State
Authors: Okoye MC; Okonkwo JC; Mba Anthonia Nkiruka; Ogu CT; Okonkwo IF
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-1
Page No: 01–12
Abstract:
The worldwide poultry production is continually intensifying with progressively more challenges due to pathogens; hence it is crucial to ensure the bio-safety of the poultry farms and poultry products. This research was therefore designed to isolate and characterize the common pathogens associated with poultry production in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State. In addition, sensitivity tests were carried out to proffer solution to farmers in this area. Thirty fecal samples were collected from poultry farms in three towns in the study area using systematic random sampling. Standard microbiological techniques were employed to cultivate, isolate and characterize pathogens from each town. The study revealed the presence of various pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Streptococcal spp and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolated pathogens was conducted to determine their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics. Some of these pathogens were resistant to common antibiotics often used by farmers indicating subnormal applications. The study therefore underscores the urgent need for the government to detail Extension Agents to Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State in order to educate the poultry farmers on proper use of antibiotics. Again, since most of these isolates are zoonotic, caution should be applied in consumption of animal products from this area. The use of alternative biosecurity measures such as herbs is recommended in order to mitigate the imminent danger of using antibiotics.
Keywords: Antibiotic Resistant, Bacterial Isolates, Pathogens, Zoonotic Disease
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2. Effect of Organic Sources of Nutrient with or without Bio-stimulant Kappaphycus alvarezii (K Sap) on Growth and Yield of Linseed
Authors: Sakshi Sahu; Neeraj Sahu; B. Gangwar
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-2
Page No: 13–18
Abstract:
An investigation titled “Effect of organic sources of nutrient with or without bio-stimulant Kappaphycus alvarezii (K Sap) on growth and yield of linseed” was carried out to assess the influence of different combinations of organic source nutrients, administered at various levels, on crop yield and overall plant growth of the BLS-4 variety of linseed. During the Rabi season of 2023–24 at Organic Research Farm, Karguan Ji, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid in a randomized block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications using different combinations of organic nutrient sources.
From the results, it may be concluded that the treatment T2 (RDF-NPK: 30:15:20 kg/ha) was found to be the best in terms of growth and yield of linseed, followed by T4 (100% RDF through farmyard manure) and T9 (50% VC + 50% FYM + 10 ml K sap). The highest net return was also recorded in T4, followed by T9, and the highest benefit-cost ratio was found to be 3.15 and 3.04 respectively. Therefore, for linseed cultivation, using farmyard manure as an organic source can be beneficial to achieve better grain yield and economic returns.
Keywords: Linseed, Farmyard Manure, Kappaphycus alvarezii (K Sap), Benefit cost ratio
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3. A Comparative Performance Study Using Dynamic Headspace Sampling and Sorbent Tube Methods of Broiler Litter Odour
Author: Sashikala Maruthai Pillai
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-3
Page No: 19–29
Abstract:
Broiler production emission is often obnoxious and little is known about complete speciation and levels of volatiles from poultry production due to challenges in selecting reliable sampling techniques. This study aimed to compare the performance between Tenax TA sorbent tube and dynamic headspace sampling methods to distinguish chemical and olfaction analyses of odorants in broiler litter emission using standard solutions. Standard solutions containing 13 volatile compounds at 50 ppmv, 100 ppmv, and 250 ppmv were sampled using both methods and analyzed using a thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry olfactometry system (TD-GC-MS/O).
The Tenax TA sorbent tube sampling exhibited relevant multiplication of peak areas corresponding to concentration, while the dynamic headspace sampler showed lower peak multiplication. Both methods were effective for qualitative (chemical and olfactory) analysis, though not ideal for quantitative comparisons. Volatile compounds were detected at similar retention times under identical TD-GC-MS/O analysis conditions.
Keywords: Broiler Litter, Dynamic Headspace, Odour Sampling, Sorbent Tube, TD-GC-MS/O
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4. Feeding Value of Dried Fermented and Unfermented Vegetable Based Agro By-Products (VBAP)
Authors: Saturnino Manicawa Francis; Antonio J. Barroga; Virgilio D. Viernes Jr.; Peregrino G. Duran
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-4
Page No: 30–35
Abstract:
Vegetable Based Agro By-Products (VBAP) can be used as an alternative feed ingredient amidst rising commercial feedstuff costs. VBAPs contain nutritional amounts needed by animals for growth and reproduction. The proximate analysis and mineral content of a number of vegetable-based agro by-products, including cabbage trimmings, carrot tubers, chayote fruits, lettuce leaves, broccoli trimmings, tomato fruits, Chinese cabbage trimmings, and potato tubers, are presented in this research. Drying and fermentation of VBAP are studied as methods to prolong shelf life and enable easier feed integration. The study reveals that dried unfermented VBAP has lower moisture and NFE content but higher DM, ash, CP, crude protein, and crude fat content compared to dried fermented VBAP (p < 0.01). Mineral content such as calcium is lower, while phosphorus is higher in unfermented VBAP. Thus, dried unfermented VBAP has greater potential as animal feed, though more intensive studies are needed to fully appreciate its benefits.
Keywords: Feeds, Fermentation, Mineral Content, Proximate Analysis, VBAP
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5. Chemical and Sensory Properties of Complementary Foods Formulated from Blends of Maize (Zea mays), African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), Groundnuts (Arachis hypogea) and Crayfish (Procambarus crarkii) Flour
Authors: Helen Nonye Henry-Unaeze; Oluchi Favour Onwumere
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-6
Page No: 36–42
Abstract:
Background: The use of indigenous foods in the formulation of complementary food is advocated for sustainability and improved food security.
Objectives: The study investigated the chemical composition and sensory properties of complementary foods made from maize, African yam bean (AYB), groundnut, and crayfish flour blends.
Methodology: Whole maize, AYB, groundnuts, and crayfish were processed into flour using standard procedures. The blends were formulated in ratios (80:10:5:5; 70:15:10:5; 60:20:15:5; 50:25:20:5) and evaluated alongside a commercial control for chemical and sensory properties. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test.
Results: Moisture (55.75%–65.32%), fat (1.43%–2.05%), crude fiber (0.23%–1.84%), ash (1.43%–2.05%), protein (12.97%–18.48%), carbohydrate (11.77%–28.33%), energy (127.9–178.07 Kcal), and various minerals and vitamins were recorded. Samples differed in sensory characteristics like taste, appearance, mouthfeel, and color, with specific ratios excelling in each category.
Conclusion: The complementary foods showed improved nutrient content and comparable sensory acceptability with the control. Acceptability scores ranged from 6.13 to 6.23 on a nine-point scale.
Keywords: Chemical, Sensory, Complementary Foods, Indigenous Flour Blends, Crayfish
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6. A Review on Dry and Wet Spell Probability Analysis for Agricultural Crop Planning by using Markov Chain Model
Authors: U.R. Sonawane; D.N. Jagtap; Prajakta Labade; B.L. Ayare
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-8
Page No: 43–50
Abstract:
Background: Climate change and variability pose significant challenges to global agriculture, particularly in regions reliant on rainfed farming systems.
Objectives: The study aims to review the probability estimates of dry and wet spells, as well as the onset and withdrawal of the rainy season, using the Markov Chain Model for agricultural crop planning.
Methodology: This review compiles the findings of multiple researchers who applied the Markov Chain Probability Model to analyze sequences of dry and wet spells across different regions in India.
Results: The results show that the estimated probabilities of dry and wet spells vary among researchers due to uneven rainfall distribution and erratic weather patterns. Similarly, the predicted dates for the advent and withdrawal of the rainy season differ due to regional climatic inconsistencies and varied research methodologies.
Conclusion: Understanding the probabilistic nature of dry and wet spells is critical for effective agricultural planning. The inconsistencies in findings across studies highlight the need for region-specific analysis and model adaptation for more accurate crop planning strategies.
Keywords: Crop planning, Dry and wet spell, Markov Chain Probability Model, Onset and withdrawal, Rainfall
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7. High Protein, Low Carbohydrate, High Non-Trans Fat, and Decitabine for Survival-ITP and LGC Leukemia
Authors: Dr. Peni K. Samsuria Mutalib, MS; Dr. Indranila Kustarini Samsuria, SpPK(K); Dr. Arindra Adi Rahardja
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-10
Page No: 51–56
Abstract:
Introduction: Therapy for TP53 mutation in MSD/AML with Niclosamide plus Azacitidine is the end-stage phase for ITP/LGC Leukemia. Continuous treatment with CHOP or R-CHOP, along with High Protein Low Carbohydrate High Fat (HPLCHF) nutrition and decitabine from the early phase, is emphasized.
Aims: The goal is to avoid transfusions from the early stages and address cytokine storms that accelerate disease progression.
Hypothesis: HPLCHF nutrition and decitabine, without transfusion, may enhance survival in ITP/LGC. Liquid therapy and aspirin are first-line treatments during the cytokine storm phase. Two fatal cases of Large Granular Chronic Leukemia support this theory.
Method: The review integrates hybrid methods using My Library and ChatGPT, along with academic search engines like ScienceDirect and EBSCOHost MEDLINE, using keywords such as ITP, MDS, AML, therapy, and case reports.
Result: Drug variables recorded include Venetoclax (a Bcl2 inhibitor), Fostamatinib (a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor), decitabine/azacitidine (hypomethylation agents), CHOP chemotherapy, and splenectomy, which are used in the final stages of thrombocytopenia. Mortality in the end-stage is often less than 5 days due to multiple antibiotic resistance. HPLCHF nutrition is recommended early, especially in cases with low albumin and thrombocytopenia, such as Dengue Lymphoma Malignant Fever (DFLM).
Discussion: Discusses the pathogenesis and treatment phases of ITP, MDS, AML, with focus on genetic/epigenetic mutations and immune landscape, particularly involving TP53 and high-risk MDS treated with decitabine/azacitidine.
Conclusion: Early adoption of HPLCHF nutrition and decitabine is suggested to help the body combat disease effectively.
Keywords: ITP; Splenectomy; Prednisone; Low carbohydrate; High protein nutrition; Decitabine
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8. Efficacy of Organic Amendments and Bio-Agents for Management of Chickpea Wilt in Field Conditions
Authors: Hinal Mevada; Nakrani, B. R.; Chaudhary R. F.
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-15
Page No: 57–60
Abstract:
The study evaluates the efficacy of organic amendments and bio-agents for managing chickpea wilt under field conditions. Organic amendments like neem cake and vermicompost were integrated with bio-agents such as Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Results indicated a significant reduction in disease incidence and improved plant health when treated plots were compared with untreated controls. The combination of vermicompost and T. harzianum showed the highest effectiveness in disease suppression. This integrated approach promotes sustainable chickpea production with reduced dependency on chemical pesticides.
Keywords: Chickpea Wilt, Organic Amendments, Bio-Agents, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Sustainable Agriculture
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9. Exploring Ecosystem Protection Role in Advancing Ecotourism; Case of Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda
Authors: Nzabandora Dominique; Amiya Bhaumik
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-21
Page No: 61–73
Abstract:
This study assessed the contribution of ecosystem protection to the development of ecotourism in Rwanda, focusing on Volcanoes National Park (VNP) amidst ongoing illegal human activities. The study aimed to (1) examine how ecosystem protection contributes to ecotourism development, (2) identify the challenges faced, and (3) explore strategies to overcome them. A descriptive research design was used with stratified and purposive random sampling. A survey of 404 respondents from Kinigi Sector and 25 Rwanda Development Board (RDB) staff, along with literature review findings, showed that ecosystem protection—through demarcated zones and community involvement—has led to increased ecotourism activities, revenue, and visitors. However, challenges like illegal hunting, farming, and deforestation persist. Awareness efforts by RDB, punitive measures, and community benefits from ecotourism projects have significantly reduced these illegal activities, resulting in increased numbers of mountain gorillas. The study concludes that strong ecosystem protection strategies are vital for sustainable ecotourism development. It recommends that RDB enhance community benefits, collaborate with local leaders for awareness programs, and encourage communities to actively oppose illegal practices threatening ecosystem sustainability.
Keywords: Ecosystem; Ecosystem protection; Ecotourism
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10. Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Rabbits Fed Diets Containing Sweet Potato Tubermeal Supplemented with Centrosema Pubenscens Leaves
Authors: Anyaegbu, B. C.; Afam-Ibezim, E.; Onunkwo, D. N.; Onuwa, C. C.
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-22
Page No: 74–84
Abstract:
This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits fed diets containing waste sweet potato tuber meal supplemented with Centrosema pubenscens leaves. The experiment used sun-dried sweet potato waste meal at inclusion levels of 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Sixteen rabbits, 12 weeks old, were randomly divided into four treatment groups with two replicates each. Parameters measured included body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), internal organ weights, carcass traits, and cost of production. Results showed that rabbits on the 25% sweet potato meal diet (TMT 4) had the highest feed intake and significantly greater weight gain compared to others. TMT 4 also had the best FCR (4.45) and the lowest production cost (₦886.04), making it the most efficient and cost-effective diet. Internal organ weights such as liver and kidney showed variation across treatments, but heart, lungs, and spleen remained unaffected. Carcass traits like live weight and eviscerated weight were highest in rabbits fed TMT 4. The study concluded that up to 25% of sweet potato waste meal supplemented with Centrosema pubenscens leaves can be used effectively in rabbit diets without adverse effects on performance or carcass quality.
Keywords: Growth performance; Carcass characteristics; Rabbits; Sweet potato; Centrosema leaves
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11. Dietary Supplementation of Diets Containing Sun-Dried Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas) Waste Meal with Yeast Additive on the Growth Performance of Starter Broiler Chicks
Authors: Anyaegbu, B.C.; Agida, C. A.; Nwankwo, A. C.; Nwosu, C. U.; Onunkwo, D. N
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-23
Page No: 85–91
Abstract:
The study was conducted to determine the dietary supplementation of sun-dried sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) waste meal with yeast additive on the growth performance of starter broiler chicks. The sun-dried sweet potato waste meal, supplemented with yeast, was used to replace yellow maize at 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% levels for Diets 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, to evaluate the optimal replacement level. Proximate analysis of the waste meal revealed 88.75% dry matter, 11.25% moisture, 6.28% ash, 4.95% crude protein, 0.82% ether extract, 2.64% crude fibre, 74.06% nitrogen-free extract (NFE), and 3013 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy. One hundred (100) day-old Anak starter broiler chicks were randomly assigned into four treatment groups of 24 chicks each, with three replicates of 8 chicks per group. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, and feed and water were offered ad libitum for four weeks. Parameters assessed included initial and final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and economics of production. Analysis of variance showed that birds on the 20% sweet potato waste meal diet with yeast performed comparably (P < 0.05) to the control in body weight gain and FCR, and significantly better than other diets. Diet 1 had the lowest production cost (₦156.59), while Diet 3 was the most expensive (₦295.45). The cheapest cost/kg diet was also recorded in Diet 1 (₦560.07), with the costliest being Diet 2 (₦625.66). The study concludes that sweet potato waste meal supplemented with yeast can replace maize in starter broiler diets up to 20% without adverse effects on performance.
Keywords: Dietary supplementation; Sweet potato; Yeast; Growth performance; Broiler chicks
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12. A Study on Rural Biomass Energy Scenarios in Haor Ecosystem
Authors: Abdul Wadud; Tabassum Faria; Md. Obayedul Hoque Reza; Dr. Md. Sultan Uddin Bhuiya
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-24
Page No: 92–104
Abstract:
The study was conducted in the Project area of LIFCHASA in village Purbo Tethulia under Mohanganj upazila of Netrakona which lies in AEZ 2. A total of 102 households were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire to identify the farmers’ socio-economic condition, biodiversity, total biomass production, and utilization. Data were collected through personal interviews. The study included four categories of farmers: landless, marginal and small, medium, and large. The village consisted of 462 households and 2245 individuals, with an average family size of 4.86. A total of 23 tree species, 27 field crop and vegetable species, and 25 weed species were recorded. Biomass of field crops, vegetables, and weeds was estimated using harvesting methods. Biomass production varied significantly across the farmer categories. The total estimated biomass production was 10.04 t farm⁻¹ year⁻¹, while utilization was 14.55 t farm⁻¹ year⁻¹. The calculated bio-energy was 111.02 GJ farm⁻¹ year⁻¹, of which 54.71 GJ farm⁻¹ year⁻¹ was consumed as fuel. Statistical analysis showed significant positive correlations between total biomass production/utilization and variables such as family size, farm size, annual income, and challenges faced in biomass production and utilization.
Keywords: Biomass energy; Haor ecosystem; Biomass production and its utilization; Source; Biomass pattern
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13. Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Varieties of Pigeon Pea in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Tanimonure V. A.; Yewande R. M.; Fatokimi E. O.; Williams O. A.
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-25
Page No: 105–113
Abstract:
Despite the pigeon pea’s significance as a nutritious and affordable protein source, its production remains low due to the lack of improved, high-yielding seed varieties. This study, therefore, examines the factors influencing farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved pigeon pea varieties in Oyo State, Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 150 pigeon pea farmers were selected, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The contingent valuation method and logistic regression model were employed to analyze WTP and its determinants. Results indicate that while farmers lacked awareness of improved varieties, all respondents expressed a willingness to pay for seeds with desirable traits such as drought tolerance, early maturity, and high yield. Key determinants of WTP included age, farming experience, farm size, marital status, and farm income. The study concludes that improving access to enhanced seed varieties and raising farmer awareness are crucial steps toward increasing pigeon pea production and strengthening food security in Nigeria.
Keywords: Pigeon Pea; Willingness to Pay; Improved Varieties; Farmers; Nigeria
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14. Resilient Orchids: Understanding the Heat Tolerance of Vanda tessellata in Changing Climate in the Western Ghats, Wayanad
Authors: Mr. Sabu V.U, Jincy Paulose
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-26
Page No: 114–118
Abstract:
This study examines the heat resistance and adaptive strategies of Vanda tessellata, a resilient wild orchid species thriving in the semi-arid conditions of Wayanad, Western Ghats. Over five years (2019–2024), comprehensive field observations, physiological assessments, and environmental monitoring were conducted to evaluate its ability to withstand extreme temperatures and minimal water availability.
Our findings highlight that Vanda tessellata exhibits multiple survival mechanisms, including Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, which allows it to minimize water loss by absorbing CO₂ at night. The orchid also develops thickened cuticles and an extensive aerial root system that enhances moisture retention and nutrient uptake from humid air. Additionally, anthocyanin pigmentation was observed to provide photoprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress under intense solar radiation. Microhabitat selection played a crucial role in heat tolerance, with orchids growing in shaded areas demonstrating higher survival rates than those in direct sunlight. Soil and substrate analysis revealed that the species primarily thrives on host trees with high water-holding capacity, suggesting a strong dependency on specific ecological conditions.
The study underscores the importance of habitat conservation, particularly in the context of climate change, which threatens the stability of these microhabitats. Conservation strategies should focus on protecting key forest patches, promoting assisted propagation techniques, and implementing long-term monitoring programs to track climate-induced changes in orchid populations. By understanding the adaptive strategies of Vanda tessellata, this research contributes to broader conservation efforts aimed at preserving heat-resistant orchid species in tropical ecosystems.
Keywords: Vanda tessellata; heat resistance; Western Ghats; Wayanad; CAM photosynthesis; orchid adaptation; climate resilience; aerial roots; habitat conservation; anthocyanin pigmentation
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15. Orchid Disorders Demystified: Early Detection, Control, and Recovery
Authors: Mr. Sabu V.U, Jincy Paulose
Digital Identification Number: IJOEAR-MAR-2025-27
Page No: 119–124
Abstract:
Orchid cultivation is a widely admired horticultural practice, yet it presents numerous challenges due to the susceptibility of orchids to various diseases. This comprehensive three-year study aims to document the most common diseases affecting orchid plants, their symptoms, and effective prevention and treatment methods. By examining fungal and bacterial infections, the research highlights their detrimental impact on plant health and productivity, while offering actionable solutions for mitigation.
Fungal diseases such as black root, root rot, petal blight, and leaf spots were found to be prevalent, often exacerbated by environmental factors like excess moisture and poor air circulation. The study identifies effective strategies for managing these conditions, including the use of fungicides, improved drainage, and enhanced air circulation. Similarly, bacterial diseases, particularly bacterial soft and brown rot, were observed to spread rapidly under hot and humid conditions. Immediate intervention, such as the removal of infected material and the application of copper fungicides or hydrogen peroxide, proved crucial in controlling these outbreaks.
Preventive measures such as sanitation, environmental monitoring, and routine inspections emerged as critical components of disease management. The study also emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural practices, such as proper potting mediums and strategic plant spacing, to minimize disease risk. By combining traditional horticultural knowledge with modern scientific approaches, this research provides a holistic framework for maintaining orchid health.
The findings of this study serve as a valuable resource for orchid growers, researchers, and horticulturists, addressing the growing need for sustainable and efficient orchid disease management. This work underscores the significance of early detection, rapid response, and long-term preventive measures in safeguarding the biodiversity and aesthetic value of these exquisite plants.
Keywords: Orchid diseases; Plant pathology; Orchid pests and pathogens; Fungal infections in orchids; Bacterial diseases in orchids; Viral orchid diseases; Disease identification; Plant disease diagnosis; Orchid disease symptoms; Disease prevention strategies; Integrated Pest Management (IPM); Biological control of plant diseases
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